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Titanoboa: The Monster Snake

The largest snakes in world history, called Titanoboas, were recently discovered in Colombia. In fact, 28 fossils of the super snakes were found. They are believed to have been 42-49 feet long and weighed 2,500 pounds (previous records were 33 feet and 403 pounds.) Carlos Jaramillo, a staff scientist at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, co-organized the team that discovered the biggest snake; the team included other Smithsonian scientists as well as experts from the University of Florida and other institutions. Smithsonian's Bruce Hathaway interviewed Jaramillo via e-mail about the find.

Maybe they hunted the same way was the largest snakes today, anacondas. Grabbing their prey near the shore, taking it to the water where they have the advantage, quickly wrapping themselves around its body and constricting it to death. It is not so unusual for a snake this big to prey on crocodiles, caimans and turtles; current-day anacondas do so in the plains of the Orinoco in Colombia and Venezuela.

Jaramillo thinks that their natural enemies attacked eggs and juveniles. The same crocodiles that Titanoboas themselves ate could have preyed on the big snakes' eggs and the young Titanoboas. They still don't know anything about their lifespans; that is very difficult to know from the fossil record that they have.

The upper growing limits of any organism are conditioned by the resources available, the physiology of each animal and physical forces such as gravity. Ambient temperature is especially important to cold-blooded animals; that's why the largest snakes on earth live near the Equator. Sixty million years ago, the Cerrejon region in the northeastern part of Colombia, where they found the Titanoboa fossils, was about ten degrees Fahrenheit warmer than today; it was a tropical jungle, actually the oldest known rainforest in the Americas. Snakes are cold-blooded, so the higher ambient temperatures allowed Titanoboas, which lived 60 million years ago, to grow larger than current-day snakes.

They had been working in the mine for seven years. Cerrejon is the biggest open pit coal mine in the world, so the mine is opening new sites to explore on a regular basis. It took about two years to figure out that [the fossils were] a snake and collect enough material to be sure about it. Jason Bourque, a student at the University of Florida, was the first one that realized it was a snake; they had thought it was a crocodile because of its size.

The fossils are usually below the coal seams so actually the mining uncovers the fossils for them; the mine is an ideal place to look for fossils. The big mining machines remove tons of coal and expose hundreds of square meters of rocks. That's where the fossils are.

So far they have only found vertebras and ribs, but they hope that we eventually find a skull and--why not?--a complete skeleton. They also hope that in the future, the remains of a Titanoboa as well as other fossils from Cerrejon will be displayed in many places. But first, they need to find more specimens, examine them and properly curate them.

Jaramillo was born in Colombia, and lived in Bogota until he was in my early '20s. He studied geology at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia in Bogota, and then did a Masters at the Missouri University of Science and Technology, and a PhD at the University of Florida. Then Jaramillo worked for several years with the petroleum industry, and joined the Smithsonian 3.5 years ago. He lives in Panama City now, in an area called Clayton, very close to the Panama Canal, surrounded by tropical rainforest. In the mornings he often saw toucans, sloths, monkeys, snakes, and even crocodiles. Jaramillo does not like cold weather. What he likes most about his work is being in the field and using fossils to think about the past to understand our present and predict our future. Like Winston Churchill once said: "The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you are likely to see."

Working with fossils gives us a sense of humility, and us appreciate how lucky they are to be on planet Earth. They are working on the early radiation of flowering plants in the tropics, studying sites in Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Cameroon. Also working on a vast lake that covered the entire Amazon 15 million years ago also working on the new excavations of the Panama Canal to unravel the history of the greatest of all biotic interchanges in earth history: the Panama Bridge, when South America and Central/North America got together 3.5 million years ago and finally, They want to understand why there is latitudinal diversity gradient (lots of species in the tropics, few in temperate regions)

Source Article: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/discovering-the-titanoboa-128065608/

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